Atenção Profissional a Familiares de Dependentes de Álcool no CAPs AD / Professional Care for Family Members of Alcohol Dependents in the CAPs AD / Atención Profesional a Familiares de Dependientes de Alcohol en el CAPs AD

Familiares de dependentes de álcool vivem intenso sofrimento emocional que os vulnerabiliza a ponto de necessitarem cuidado profissional. No Brasil, o Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Álcool e Drogas (CAPs AD) é o serviço público de referência no atendimento psicossocial a usuários de álcool e outras drogas. A partir da constatação da inexistência de artigos científicos sobre intervenções com familiares dos dependentes de álcool no CAPs AD, dada a profusão de trabalhos que tratam do dependente ou das políticas públicas que fundamentam o serviço, elaboramos três hipóteses sobre essa lacuna. A primeira propõe que na base dessa ausência de modalidades terapêuticas específicas esteja a concepção de que o cuidado aos familiares no CAPs AD é o mesmo e independe das peculiaridades de cada substância psicoativa. A segunda hipótese parte do fato de que a constante ameaça de aniquilamento dos próprios CAPs AD e a consequente luta para sua sobrevivência comprometeria pesquisas para o desenvolvimento de intervenções cada vez mais especializadas. E, finalmente, a hipótese de que a maior demanda de atendimento de usuários de mais de uma substância desarticularia a proposição de intervenções com familiares de dependentes de álcool. Esperamos que este estudo contribua para a elaboração de intervenções mais afinadas às necessidades desse público.

Family members of alcohol dependents live intense emotional suffering that makes them vulnerable to the point of needing professional care. In Brazil, the Psychosocial Care Center for Alcohol and Drugs (CAPSad) is the public service of reference in psychosocial care for users of alcohol and other drugs. Based upon the lack of studies on interventions for family members of alcohol dependents in the CAPSad, contrasting with the profusion of works that deal with the dependent or the public policies that support the service, we elaborated three hypotheses about this gap. The first one proposes that at the center of this abscense of specific therapeutic modalities there is the idea that care for family members in the CAPSad is the same and does not depend on the peculiarities of each psychoactive substance. The second hypothesis derives from the fact that the constant threat of annihilation of the CAPSad themselves and the struggle for their survival would compromise the development of increasingly specialized interventions. At last, the hypothesis that the greater demand for assistance from multiple substance users would dismantle the proposal of interventions with family members of alcohol dependents. We expect that this study will contribute to the development of interventions in accord with the needs of this audience.

Familiares de dependientes de alcohol viven intenso sufrimiento emocional que los vulnera hasta que necesiten cuidado profesional. En Brasil, el Centro de Atención Psicosocial Alcohol y Drogas (CAPs AD) es el servicio público referencial a la atención psicosocial a usuarios de alcohol y drogas. Desde la constatación de la inexistencia de ensayos sobre intervenciones con familiares de dependientes de alcohol en CAPs AD, dada la profusión de trabajos que tratan del dependiente o de las políticas públicas que fundamentan el servicio, se elaboró tres hipótesis sobre esa brecha. La primera propone que en la base de esa ausencia de modalidades terapéuticas específicas esté una concepción de que el cuidado a los familiares en CAPs AD es lo mismo y no depende de las peculiaridades de cada material psicoactivo. La segunda hipótesis parte del hecho de que la constante amenaza de aniquilación de los CAPs AD y consecuente lucha para su sobrevivencia comprometería investigaciones al desarrollo de intervenciones todavía más especializadas. Finalmente, la hipótesis de que la mayor demanda de atención a usuarios de más de una sustancia desestructuraría la proposición de intervenciones con familiares de dependientes de alcohol. Se espera que este estudio contribuya a la elaboración de intervenciones específicas a las necesidades de ese público.

Family intervention in the initial adaptation of adoptive families: systematic review / Intervenção familiar na adaptação Inicial das famílias adotivas: revisão sistemática / Intervención familiar en la adaptación Inicial de las familias Adoptivas: revisión sistemática

Considering the importance of mapping family interventions practices aimed specifically to adoption, this study sought to identify through a systematic review, how family intervention models for adoptive families are structured in initial adaptation with children from 0 to 6 years old. Four databases were consulted, which led to 9.143 results: Google Scholar (n=8.056), Science Direct (n=814), SciELO (n=43) and PsycINFO (n=230). Seven articles considered pertinent to the proposal of this study were included. As a result, it was identified that most part of the interventions were not systematically described. Although promising results were indicated, replication would not be viable due to the lack of detailing of the performed practices. There was no hegemony in the choice of intervention models. Also, it was indicated that the specificity for adoption in the interventions analyzed is not clear. (AU)

Pensando na importância do mapeamento da prática de intervenção familiar voltada especificamente para a adoção, o presente estudo buscou identificar, por meio da revisão sistemática, como estão estruturados e aplicados os modelos de intervenção familiar para as famílias adotivas na adaptação inicial com as crianças de 0 a 6 anos. Para tanto, foram consultadas quatro bases de dados que levaram a 9.143 resultados: Google Scholar (n=8.056), Science Direct (n=814), SciELO (n=43), PsycINFO (n=230). Sete artigos foram considerados pertinentes à proposta deste estudo. Como resultado, identificou-se que as intervenções não estavam, em sua maioria, sistematicamente descritas. Apesar de resultados promissores serem indicados, a replicação não seria viável pela falta de detalhamentos das práticas realizadas. Ressalta-se que não houve homogeneidade na escolha dos modelos de intervenção. Por fim, destaca-se que não fica clara a especificidade voltada para adoção nas intervenções analisadas. (AU)

Pensando en la importancia de mapear la práctica de intervención familiar orientada específicamente a la adopción, el presente estudio buscó identificar, a través de una revisión sistemática, cómo se estructuran y aplican los modelos de intervención familiar para familias adoptivas en la adaptación inicial con niños de 0 a 6 años. Para ello, se consultaron cuatro bases de datos que arrojaron 9.143 resultados: Google Scholar (n=8.056), Science Direct (n=814), SciELO (n=43), PsycINFO (n=230). Siete artículos se consideraron relevantes para el propósito de este estudio. En su mayor parte, las intervenciones no se describían sistemáticamente. A pesar de los resultados prometedores, la replicación no sería factible debido a la falta de detalles de las prácticas realizadas. Cabe destacar que no hubo homogeneidad en la elección de los modelos de intervención. Por último, se señaló que no está clara la especificidad dirigida a la adopción en las intervenciones analizadas. (AU)

Encanto: a família e a abordagem do médico de família e comunidade / Encanto: the family and the family physician's approach / Encanto: la familia y el abordaje del médico familiar y comunitario

Encanto é uma animação de 2021 dos estúdios Disney. Retrata a história de uma família multigeracional que divide o mesmo domicílio, habitante de uma aldeia nas montanhas da Colômbia remota. A orientação familiar é atributo da Atenção Primária à Saúde e a abordagem familiar é competência do médico de família e comunidade. Esta resenha propôs-se a analisar os elementos de abordagem e terapia familiar presentes em Encanto, com base no Modelo em Quatro Etapas de Salvador Minuchin. A audiência do filme possibilita ao médico de família identificar padrões e transações familiares disfuncionais, além de elementos de terapia familiar, por isso ele pode ser útil como material de formação em abordagem familiar. Também pode ser usado como ferramenta de "cinematerapia" com as famílias que estão em acompanhamento na Atenção Primária por problemas semelhantes aos da trama.

Encanto is a 2021 animation from Disney studios. It portrays the story of a multigenerational family who share the same home, inhabitants of a village in the mountains of remote Colombia. Family centeredness is an attribute of Primary Health Care, and the family approach is the competence of the Family Physician. This review proposes to analyze the elements of approach and family therapy present in Encanto, based on Salvador Minuchin's Four-Step Model. The film's audience enables the Family Physician to identify dysfunctional family patterns and transactions, in addition to elements of family therapy, which is why it can be useful as training material in family approach. It can also be used as a "Cinematherapy" tool with families who are being monitored in Primary Care for problems similar to those in the plot.

Encanto es una animación de 2021 de los estudios Disney. Retrata la historia de una familia multigeneracional, que comparte el mismo hogar, habitantes de un pueblo en las montañas de Colombia remota. La orientación familiar es un atributo de la Atención Primaria de Salud y el abordaje familiar es competencia del Médico Familiar y Comunitario. Esta reseña propone analizar los elementos de abordaje y terapia familiar presentes en Encanto, a partir del Modelo de los Cuatro Pasos de Salvador Minuchin. La audiencia de la película permite al Médico de Familia identificar patrones y transacciones familiares disfuncionales, además de elementos de terapia familiar, por lo que puede ser útil como material de formación en el abordaje familiar. También se puede utilizar como herramienta de "Cineterapia" con familias que estén siendo seguidas en Atención Primaria por problemas similares a los de la trama.

Análise da abordagem familiar na perspectiva de implementação da prática no cenário da Residência de Medicina de Família e Comunidade do município de João Pessoa, PB / Analysis of the family approach through the implementation of this practice in the setting of the Family and Community Medicine Residency in the city of João Pessoa-PB

Objetivo: Analisar analisar de que modo a abordagem familiar está inserida no cenário da Residência de Medicina de Família e Comunidade do município de João Pessoa-, PB. Metodologia: Tratatrata-se de uma pesquisa do tipo exploratória qualitativa com uma amostra composta por residentes do segundo ano da especialização pertencentes a 4 quatro instituições de ensino do município. Os dados foram coletados por meio de roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada e analisados através da Técnica de Análise de Conteúdo. Resultados: Foram foram entrevistados 08 oito residentes com faixa etária entre 26 e 43 anos, formados entre os anos de 2012 e 2019. Observou-se que os residentes entendem a importância da abordagem familiar para uma assistência integral a à saúde dos usuários. Em sua totalidade concordam que é uma competência fundamental para a formação do médico de família, entretanto, 75% deles consideram seus conhecimentos e habilidades em abordar as famílias baixos ou medianos. Conclusão: A a análise das entrevistas evidenciou a baixa utilização da abordagem familiar nos processos de trabalho das equipes saúde da família. Na perspectiva de implementação da prática da abordagem familiar, foram sugeridas mudanças estratégicas tanto para atividades teóricas quanto para o campo da prática.

Objective: To analyze how the family approach operates within the setting of the Family and Community Medicine Residency in the city of João Pessoa-PB. Methodology: This is qualitative exploratory research with a sample composed of residents in their second year of specialization belonging to four educational institutions in the city. Data was collected through direct interviews with a semi-structured questionnaire and analyzed using the Content Analysis Technique. Results: Eight residents aged between 26 and 43 years old, who graduated between 2012 and 2019, were interviewed. It was observed that residents understand the importance of the family approach to comprehensive care for users' health. In their entirety, they agree that it is a fundamental competence for the formation of family doctors. However, 75% of them believe they have low or average knowledge and skills for approaching families. The analysis of the interviews showed low use of the family approach in the work processes of the family health teams. From the perspective of implementing the practice of the family approach, strategic changes were suggested both for theoretical activities and for the field of practice.

The effect of mentalization-based family therapy on adolescents with depressive disorder and its related brain regions / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To explor the effects of mentalization-based family therapy (MBFT) on the emotions of anxiety and depression, reflective functions, and related brain regions of adolescents with depression.Methods:Thirty-two adolescent patients with depression were selected in Beijing Huilongguan Hospital.Among them, fifteen patients treated with conventional drugs were defined as the control group, the other seventeen patients served as the observation group.On the basis of routine drug treatment, patients in the observation group were treated with 1.5 h MBFT once a week, for a total of 3 months.Among them, 10 patients underwent resting functional magnetic resonance imaging(rs-fMRI) scans before and after the intervention.SPSS 23.0 was used for statistical analysis of scale evaluation data by using chi-square test and repeated-measure analysis of variance, and pairwise Pearson correlation was used to construct a brain network matrix for the MRI results.The patient's brain network matrix was put into Gretna to calculate, and then use repeated measures analysis of variance and t test for judgment. Results:(1)Repeated measurement analysis of variance showed, over time and group, before and after intervention, the group×time interactions of patients' reflective function, anxiety, depression were statistically significant ( F=5.113, 9.350, 5.264, all P<0.05). Further simple effect analysis showed, in the observation group, there were statistically significant differences in patients' anxiety ((55.09±14.35) vs (30.58±3.62)), depression ((61.58±16.81) vs (31.00±3.48)) before and after intervention (all P<0.01). There was no significant difference in reflective function ((8.71±0.51) vs (8.87±0.50) ) in the observation group before and after intervention( P> 0.05). The reflective function((8.92±0.33) vs (8.73±0.35)) and anxiety((50.67±13.88) vs (45.78±12.89)) scores of the control group were not statistically significant different before and after intervention(all P>0.05), and the depression scores of the control group before and after inter-vention((69.33±9.11) vs (50.94±7.99)) were statistically significant different( P<0.01). (2)rs-fMRI showed that, using the posterior parietal lobe and the medial prefrontal lobe as seed points, the group×time interactions with right inferior frontal gyrus, right fusiform gyrus, right superior temporal gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus and right superior frontal gyrus were statistically significant ( F=29.56, 20.63, 8.69, 9.49, 8.62, all P<0.05). The further simple effect analysis showed in the observation group, the pre-test was less than the post-test, and the difference was statistically significant( P<0.05). In the control group, there were not statistically significant differences in the functional connection strength before and after the test(all P>0.05). (3)The brain network analysis of 264 regions of interest (ROIs) in the whole brain showed that the number of modules in the observation group was less than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=-2.64, P=0.046). Conclusion:MBFT can improve the anxiety and depression of adolescent patients with depression.It enhances the functional link between mentalization related brain regions and the whole brain, and enhances the activity of the whole brain link to become more integrated.

Application of family factors in the pathogenesis and treatment of depression / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Depressive disorder is one of the common mental disorders, and its occurrence is usually attributed to the combined effects of multiple factors.The single genetic factor can't fully explain the cause of depressive disorder.Family factors have an important impact on the occurrence of depressive disorder, however, the impact of family factors on depressive disorder and its treatment has not been paid enough attention to.This paper reviewed the recent researches on family factors affecting depressive disorder and family therapy for depressive disorder.The results showed that family factors had an impact on depression patients of any age, and adverse family factors were risk factors for the occurrence, sustainable development and recurrence of depressive disorder.Most of the previous studies were horizontal, but few were longitudinal research.Family therapy plays a positive role in the treatment of depressive disorder and has a significant effect on the acute phase of depression except for major depressive disorder (MDD). Family therapy can quickly relieve the symptoms of depression.Further studies on family-based treatment intervention strategies for MDD are needed in the future, and more longitudinal studies are needed to further analysis of the influence of family factors on depressive disorder.

Influence of online and offline Satir family therapy on emotions of adolescents with depressive disorder and their parents / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To explore the influence of online and offline family therapy based on the Satir model on emotions of adolescents with depressive disorder and their parents in remote areas.Methods:A total of 98 cases adolescents with depressive disorder treated in the psychosomatic medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University from January 2021 to June 2021 and their parents were selected as the objects. The adolescents with depressive disorder and their parents were randomly divided into the control group (49 parents and 49 adolescents) and the observation group (49 parents and 49 adolescents). The control group received the medical treatment (sertraline 100 mg/d) and the routine health education, while the observation group received the online and offline Satir family therapy on the basis of the intervention of the control group. Generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) and patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) were used to investigate the negative emotions of the parents of the two groups before and 12 weeks after the intervention. The screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders (SCARED) and depression self-rating scale for childhood (DSRS) were used to investigate the negative emotions of the adolescents before and 12 weeks after the intervention.The SPSS 20.0 software was used for statistical analysis. t test was used to compare the SCARED scale score and DSRS score changes of the adolescents in the two groups, and χ 2 test was used to compare the proportional changes of parents' anxiety and depression. Results:The scores of SCARED (51.55±12.69 vs 36.82±7.69, t=15.839) and DSRS (25.08±4.81 vs 16.88±2.16, t=13.047) of adolescents in the control group were significantly different before and after the intervention (both P<0.05). The scores of SCARED (51.16±15.84 vs 31.31±7.72, t=14.385) and DSRS (24.12±4.81 vs 14.08±2.03, t=14.723) of adolescents in the observation group were significantly different before and after the intervention (both P<0.05). After the intervention, the scores of SCARED and DSRS in the observation group were lower than those in the control group ( t=3.540, 6.609, both P<0.05). Before intervention, there was no significant difference in the proportion of anxiety and depression between the parents of the two groups (χ 2=1.837, 3.547, both P>0.05). After 12 weeks of intervention, there was a statistically significant difference in the proportion of anxiety and depression between the two groups, which were lower in the observation group than those in the control group (χ 2=5.995, 4.009, both P<0.05). Conclusion:Online + offline family therapy based on the Satir model can not only effectively reduce anxiety and depression of adolescents, but also effectively reduce anxiety and depression of their parents.It is especially suitable for outpatient management of children with depressive disorder in remote areas.

Application of systemic meta-competence and its difficulties in the clinical practice of initial family therapy / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To study the application of systemic meta-competence and its difficulties in the clinical practice of initial family therapy by qualitative research, with the aim of providing an empirical basis for developing local family therapists' clinical practice competence in systemic thinking.Methods:A purposive sample of 4 senior and 4 novice family therapists were gained, and a total of 12 hours of initial interviews were recorded.The materials were coded by thematic analysis with reference to the theoretical models of National Institute for Health and Care Excellence(NICE) and the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT), and one-on-one interviews (totally 4 hours)were conducted with the therapists based on the coding results.Results:The application of systemic meta-competence in the initial family therapy was mainly manifested in four superordinate themes: adapting a non-pathological perspective, maintaining a relational orientation, focusing on interpersonal interactions and applying systemic intervention strategies, under which a total of 16 subordinate themes were included.The application difficulties of therapists with different qualification had both commonalities and differences.Conclusion:The systemic meta-competency is a key competence in the practice of family therapy.The application of systemic meta-competence in initial interview will benefit the therapeutic relationship, family information collections and formulation of therapy goals, and the application difficulties may reflect the culturally practical needs of professional trainings and supervisions.

Review and reflection on effectiveness and cultural adaptability of family therapy in China / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Family therapy has been introduced to China for more than 30 years.The research of domestic family therapy mainly focuses on two aspects: the promotion of methods and theories, and the study on the application of Chinese culture.This research reviewed the present research status for family therapy in application effectiveness and acculturation in China, pointed out the deficiencies of the current national family therapy in depth, methods and technologies, object of research and research methods, and offered several advices. At the same time, it offered advices on the acculturation of family therapy in China's clinic and proposed that the implementation of family therapy under the background of Chinese culture should enhance the "understanding" on China’s family history and culture, and firmly carry out the clinical research on individual case.

Effect of methylphenidate hydrochloride combined with mentalization-based family therapy on clinical efficacy and social function in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To observe the effect of methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH) combined with mentalization-based family therapy (MBFT) on clinical efficacy and social function in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Methods:Sixty-four children with ADHD diagnosed in Wuxi Children's Hospital and Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University from June 2019 to May 2021 were selected and divided into observation group ( n=32) and control group ( n=32) according to the random number table.Children in both groups received methylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release tablets, while those in the observation group were given additional MBFT.The duration of treatment was 12 weeks in both groups.The parent symptom questionnaire (PSQ), swanson nolan and pelham-version Ⅳ (SNAP-Ⅳ) parent Al scale, and Weiss impairment functional scale (WFIRS-P) were used to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment.Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 25.0 statistical software.In particular, the χ2 test was used for counting data and the paired sample t test was used for comparison of measurement data between the two groups before and after treatment. Results:(1) All the PSQ dimension scores of patients in the observation group and the control group after treatment were significantly lower than those before treatment (all P<0.01). Compared with the control group after treatment, the PSQ dimension scores of personality and behavior problems ((1.25±0.15), (0.94±0.18), t=7.484, P<0.001), learning problems ((1.57±0.16), (1.32±0.20), t=5.522, P<0.001), psychosomatic disorders ((0.56±0.11), (0.44±0.13), t=3.986, P<0.001), impulse hyperactivity ((1.76±0.23), (1.54±0.25), t=3.663, P<0.001), anxiety ((0.94±0.12), (0.76±0.11), t=6.255, P<0.001) and hyperactivity index ((1.74±0.19), (1.51±0.16), t=5.238, P<0.001) decreased significantly in the observation group after treatment.(2) Compared with the pre-treatment period, the SNAP-Ⅳ scale scores of attention deficit, impulsivity-hyperactivity and oppositional defiance were significantly lower in both groups after treatment (all P<0.01); and compared with the control group, the SNAP-Ⅳ scale scores of the above three dimensions were significantly lower in the observation group (all P<0.01). (3) All six dimensions (family, learning and school, life skills, self-management, social activities, and risk-taking activities)of the WFIRS-P scale were significantly lower in the children in the observation group after treatment compared with those before treatment (all P<0.01), and all the six dimensions of the WFIRS-P scale were significantly lower in the observation group compared with those in the control group (all P<0.01). Conclusion:Methylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release tablets combined with MBFT can significantly improve the clinical symptoms and social function of children with ADHD.

Perda, luto e resiliência na pandemia de COVID-19: implicações para a prática com famílias / Loss, grief and resilience amid the COVID-19 pandemic: implications for practice with families

O presente estudo aborda perda, luto e resiliência na pandemia de COVID-19, apresentando considerações sobre a prática sistêmica com famílias. Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa da literatura nacional e internacional, em que foram sumarizados achados empíricos e recomendações para intervenções clínicas, com base na perspectiva sistêmica, face às demandas emergentes no atual contexto e à noção de experiência coletiva. Foram discutidas as múltiplas perdas associadas à COVID-19, as quais impactam estilos de vida, padrões de comportamento e interação, normas culturais e práticas relativas ao processo de morrer e à morte, aumentando potencialmente o risco de luto complicado, durante e após a pandemia. Enfatizou-se também o desenvolvimento adaptativo em meio às circunstâncias difíceis, com destaque à noção de resiliência familiar e a possíveis formas de promovê-la, incluindo a terapia familiar. Ademais, foram abordadas algumas das particularidades do processo clínico junto a famílias que experienciaram perdas na pandemia, incluindo recursos que podem ser utilizados pelo terapeuta, bem como desafios comumente vivenciados pelos profissionais nesse cenário.

The current study addresses loss, grief, and resilience amid the COVID-19 pandemic, presenting implications for systemic practice with families. This is a narrative review of the national (Brazilian) and international literature, in which empirical findings and recommendations for clinical interventions have been summarized, based on a systemic perspective, given the emerging demands in the current scenario and the notion of collective experience. We have discussed the multiple losses associated with COVID-19, which have an impact on lifestyles, patterns of behavior and interaction, and cultural norms and practices related to the process of death and dying, potentially increasing the risk of complicated grieving processes, during and after the outbreak. Adaptive development amid difficult circumstances have also been highlighted, with emphasis on the notion of family resilience and possible ways of promoting it, including family therapy. Furthermore, some of the particularities of the clinical process with families who experienced losses during the pandemic have been addressed, including resources that can be used by the therapist, as well as challenges commonly experienced by professionals in this scenario.

Reflexiones sobre la alianza terapéutica en adolescentes con anorexia nerviosa y sus familias / Reflections on the therapeutic alliance in adolescents with anorexia nervosa and their families

La alianza terapéutica en pacientes con Anorexia Nerviosa constituye un desafío debido a la gravedad de muchos de estos pacientes, a la falta de conciencia de enfermedad que poseen y a la resistencia al cambio, tanto del paciente como de sus familias. Frecuentemente, existe un desconocimiento por parte de los equipos médicos, de dicha patología y de su manejo. Diversos autores han aportado elementos necesarios para una adecuada alianza terapéutica y proponen estrategias que faciliten la construcción de esta alianza. En este artículo se lleva a cabo una revisión de las observaciones ofrecidas por varios autores, desde donde se reflexiona acerca de la importancia de la alianza terapéutica en pacientes con Anorexia Nerviosa y sus familias.

The therapeutic alliance in patients with Anorexia Nervosa constitutes a challenge due to several factors such as the severity of the illness that most of these patients suffer, their lack of awareness of disease, and the resistance to change in the patient and their family. Medical teams are frequently ignorant of this pathology and its treatment. Various authors have contributed in terms of the necessary elements for an adequate therapeutic alliance and in terms of delivering strategies to facilitate this alliance. In this article we will review several authors and reflect on the importance of the therapeutic alliance in patients with Anorexia Nervosa and their families.

Care among siblings and repercussions of generational transmission on the sibling group / Cuidado entre irmãos e repercussões da transmissão geracional na fratria / Cuidado entre hermanos y repercusiones de la transmisión generacional en la fratría

This research is part of a broader study concerning siblings and the family network. Its objective was to investigate care among siblings and the repercussions of generational transmission on the sibling group. It employed clinical-qualitative methodology, centered on preliminary clinical interviews with families during the family assessment period. Clinical data were gathered at the Applied Psychology Service of a private university in Rio de Janeiro. The 14 families who took part in the study had the following configurations: four married-couple families, four stepfamilies, three single-parent families and three separated-parent families. We observed that both reduced parental investment and excessive family-care workload made it difficult to establish a more health-promoting parent-child relationship, often leading to the parentification of one or more of the children, with the assignment of parental functions to them. Flaws in the psychic assimilation of elements of generational transmission also influence in the creation of sibling bonds, inhibiting the development of family ties of solidarity and the establishment of healthy care practices among siblings.

Este estudo faz parte de uma pesquisa mais ampla sobre fratrias e rede familiar. Teve-se como objetivo investigar o cuidado entre irmãos e repercussões da transmissão geracional na fratria. Utilizou-se metodologia clínico-qualitativa, centrada em entrevistas clínicas preliminares com famílias no período de avaliação familiar. Os dados clínicos foram coletados no Serviço de Psicologia Aplicada de uma universidade privada carioca. Participaram da pesquisa 14 famílias, com as seguintes configurações: quatro casadas, quatro recasadas, três monoparentais e três separadas. Constatou-se que tanto o reduzido investimento parental quanto a sobrecarga nos cuidados familiares dificultam o estabelecimento de uma relação parento-filial mais promotora de saúde, muitas vezes levando à parentalização de um ou mais filhos, com atribuição de funções parentais a eles. Falhas na apropriação psíquica de elementos da transmissão geracional também repercutem na constituição do vínculo fraterno, dificultando a construção de laços familiares solidários e o estabelecimento de práticas salutares de cuidado entre os irmãos.

Este estudio es parte de una investigación más amplia sobre fratrías y redes familiares. El objetivo fue investigar el cuidado entre hermanos y las repercusiones de la transmisión generacional en la fratría. Se utilizó metodología clínico-cualitativa, centrada en entrevistas clínicas preliminares a las familias durante el período de evaluación familiar. Los datos clínicos se recolectaron en el Servicio de Psicología Aplicada de una universidad privada en Rio de Janeiro. Catorce familias participaron en la investigación, con las siguientes configuraciones: cuatro casadas, cuatro vueltas a casar, tres monoparentales y tres separados. Se encontró que tanto la menor inversión de los padres como la sobrecarga por los cuidados con la familia dificultan el establecimiento de una relación entre padres e hijos que promueva la salud, lo que a menudo conduce a la crianza de uno o más hijos con atribución de las funciones parentales a ellos. Las fallas en la apropiación psíquica de elementos de transmisión generacional también inciden en la constitución de un vínculo fraterno, dificultando la construcción de lazos familiares solidarios y el establecimiento de prácticas de cuidado saludable entre los hermanos.

A clínica psicanalítica infantil na modalidade on-line: reflexões winnicottianas / The child psychoanalytic clinic in online mode: winnicottian reflections

Diante das medidas de isolamento impostas pela pandemia da Covid-19, o enquadre clínico presencial habitual precisou ser substituído pelo on-line. Vê-se uma crescente produção científica sobre as especificidades da clínica on-line, embora sigam sendo escassos os trabalhos sobre essa modalidade de atendimento com crianças. No presente relato de experiência, são apresentados dois estudos de caso com crianças, vinculadas a uma ONG dedicada a famílias em situação de violência intrafamiliar, que foram acompanhadas remotamente por quatro meses, segundo o método psicanalítico. Nas reflexões clínico-teóricas, desenvolvidas em interlocução com a obra do psicanalista Donald Winnicott, são discutidas: 1) a possibilidade de o atendimento psicológico on-line configurar-se como espaço potencial, a partir da presença implicada do analista, superando a artificialização das relações associada ao digital; e 2) a possibilidade de inclusão do grupo familiar no atendimento infantil, ultrapassando a lógica tradicional de atendimento individual da criança. Espera-se, a partir desse estudo, contribuir para que a comunidade psicológica identificada com a Psicanálise tenha maiores subsídios no cuidado ao atendimento infantil em tempos de pandemia.(AU)

Due to the lockdown measures imposed by Covid-19, the usual face-to-face clinical setting was replaced by the online one. There is a growing scientific production on the specificities of the online clinic, although there are still few studies on this type of care with children. In this experience report, two case studies with children are presented, linked to an NGO dedicated to intrafamily violence, who were followed remotely for four months, according to the psychoanalytic method. In the clinical-theoretical reflections, developed in interlocution with Donald Winnicott, are discussed: 1) the possibility of the online psychological attendance to configure itself as a potential space, due to the implied presence of the analyst, overcoming the artificialization associated to the digital world; and 2) the possibility of including the family group in child care, surpassing the traditional logic of individual care for the child. It is hoped that this study will contribute to the psychological community related to Psychoanalysis to have greater support in the care of children in times of pandemic.(AU)

Debido a las medidas de aislamiento por la pandemia de Covid-19, el entorno clínico presencial tuvo que ser sustituido por un entorno clínico en línea. Existe una creciente producción científica sobre la especificidad de la clínica en línea, aunque los estudios sobre este tipo de atención con niños son escasos. En el presente informe de experiencia, se presentan dos estudios de caso con niños, vinculados a una ONG dedicada a violencia intrafamiliar, quienes fueron seguidos a distancia por cuatro meses, según el método psicoanalítico. En las reflexiones clínico-teóricas, desarrolladas en interlocución con el psicoanalista Donald Winnicott, se discuten: 1) la posibilidad de que la asistencia psicológica en línea se configure como un espacio potencial, debido a la presencia implicada del analista superando la artificialización de las relaciones; y 2) la posibilidad de inclusión del grupo familiar en el cuidado infantil, rompiendo la lógica tradicional del cuidado individual. Se espera contribuir a que la comunidad psicológica identificada con el Psicoanálisis tenga mayores subsidios en el cuidado de los niños en tiempos de pandemia.(AU)

Terapia familiar: contribuições a prática clínica em saúde mental / Family therapy: contributions to clinical practice in mental health

Introdução: A família é um complexo sistema de organização social e emocional, que possui crenças, valores e experiências vivenciadas em plena subjetividade afetiva. A terapia familiar pode ser utilizada na prática clínica de saúde mental ao suscitar transformações nas relações intersubjetivas e afetivas dos membros e promover a construção de significados em suas relações estabelecidas no cotidiano. Objetivo: Apresentar as contribuições da terapia familiar a prática clínica da saúde mental. Método: Revisão de literatura realizada na Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde, no período de julho a agosto de 2019, utilizando - se como descritores os termos terapia familiar, saúde mental, testes psicológicos, escalas de graduação psiquiátrica e protocolos. Esta busca permitiu obter - se nove publicações que foram lidas e analisadas minunciosamente. Conclusões: terapia familiar contribui para prática clínica em saúde mental por promover estratégias de enfrentamentos aos conflitos familiares, focados na solução dos problemas. Assim, os membros familiares aceitam, compreendem e são apoiados emocional e socialmente ao interagirem com um dos membros em sofrimento psíquico.

Introduction: The family is a complex system of social and emotional organization, which has beliefs, values and experiences lived in full affective subjectivity. Family therapy can be used in clinical mental health practice to bring about changes in the members' intersubjective and affective relationships and promote the construction of meanings in their relationships established in daily life. Objective: To present the contributions of family therapy to mental health clinical practice. Method: Literature review carried out at the Health Virtual Library, using the terms family therapy, mental health, psychological tests, psychiatric graduation scales and protocols as descriptors. This search allowed to obtain nine publications that were read and analyzed in detail. Conclusions: Family therapy contributes to clinical practice in mental health by promoting strategies to deal with family conflicts, focused on solving problems. Thus, family members accept, understand and are supported emotionally and socially when interacting with one of the members in psychological distress.

Factors influencing motivation in alcohol dependence syndrome patients in a tertiary care hospital of Assam

Background: The aim of this study is to study the change in motivation in patients with alcohol dependence syndrome (ADS).Design: 50 consecutive patients admitted for the treatment of ADS in a tertiary care hospital were evaluated. It was a cross sectional observational study.Methods: The study was done in a tertiary care hospital in the in-patient department of psychiatry. Structured performa for sociodemographic details. Psychiatric morbidity was assessed by structured clinical interview according to ICD10. SAD-Q (severity of alcohol dependence questionnaire) to assess severity of alcohol dependence. The assessment of motivation was done using the University of Rhode Island change assessment scale at baseline and after 10 days of admission. Data was evaluated keeping the aims and objectives in mind with appropriate statistical method using Statistical package social software (SPSS) version 21 and descriptive statistics was used. Chi square and Fisher exact test were used to assess the significance.Results:  A total 64% were in pre-contemplation, 30% in contemplation and 6% were in action stage of motivation at baseline assessment. A significant change was seen in the levels of motivation towards contemplation and action stage after a brief hospital stay of 10 days. Motivation to change had a significant association with education and severity of alcohol dependence.Conclusions: Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment during a short hospital stay results in improvement in readiness for change in patients of alcohol dependence syndrome.

As relações familiares diante da COVID-19: recursos, riscos e implicações para a prática da terapia de casal e família / Family relations during COVID-19 pandemic: resources, risks e implications for the practice of marital and family therapy

A COVID-19 traz repercussões macroestruturais ao status econômico, social e laboral que podem impactar o funcionamento conjugal e familiar. Neste artigo, enfocamos os recursos e riscos familiares durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Por meio de uma revisão narrativa da literatura, que incluiu estudos nacionais e internacionais, abordamos (a) conjugalidade, (b) coparentalidade, (c) parentalidade e (d) implicações para a prática da terapia de casal e família nesse contexto. Terapeutas de casal e família devem atuar no sentido de promover a coesão, flexibilidade e comunicação. Destaca-se a importância da atribuição de significados à pandemia e às experiências vivenciadas, assim como da esperança na superação dos desafios, enquanto se encorajam divisões de tarefas domésticas mais igualitárias. Discutimos a relevância de investir em estratégias que otimizem processos protetivos das relações familiares.

The COVID-19 pandemic brings up macro-structural repercussions in economic, social, and work status, which may impact family and marital functioning. In the current paper, we focus on family resources and risks during the COVID-19 pandemic. Through a narrative review of the literature, considering Brazilian as well as international studies, we present (a) marital relations, (b) coparental relations, (c) parental relations, and (d) implications for the practice of marital and family therapy in this scenario. Family and couple therapists may work to strengthen aspects such as cohesion, flexibility, and communication. The importance of attributing meaning to the pandemic and the lived experiences as well as maintaining hope in the face of challenges are emphasized, whereas the establishment of a more equal division of household labor is encouraged. We discuss the relevance of enhancing strategies to optimize resources that promote healthy family relationships.

Contribuições de Murray Bowen à terapia familiar sistêmica / Murray Bowens contributions to systemic family therapy

Este artigo apresenta um ensaio teórico sobre as contribuições de Murray Bowen para a Terapia Familiar Sistêmica. Apesar de ser um dos pioneiros da psicologia sistêmica, suas obras nunca foram publicadas em português. Dada a importância da teoria de Bowen para o campo da terapia familiar, este trabalho visa discutir alguns aspectos teóricos e práticos que podem ajudar os profissionais no trabalho com famílias. A partir da descrição dos sistemas emocional, afetivo e intelectual, apresentam-se os oito conceitos de Bowen, com destaque para a diferenciação do self e sua importância na proposta terapêutica boweniana. São ressaltadas duas características distintas da Terapia Familiar Sistêmica de Bowen: a diferenciação do self do terapeuta e a terapia familiar com um só membro da família.

This article is a theoretical essay on Murray Bowen's contributions to systemic family therapy. Despite being one of the pioneers of systemic psychology, his works were never published in Portuguese. Given the importance of Bowen's theory for the field of family therapy, this work aims to explore some theoretical and practical aspects that can help professionals in working with families. From the description of the emotional, affective and intellectual systems, eight concepts of Bowen's theory are presented, highlighting the self differentiation and its importance in the Bowenian therapeutic proposal. Two distinct characteristics of Bowen's Systemic Family Therapy clinic are highlighted, the differentiation of the therapist's self and family therapy with a single family member.

Effect of socio-cultural factors in therapeutic intervention

Comorbidity and presence of family dysfunction in personality disorders, namely borderline personality disorder have been found commonly with bipolar affective disorder clients. Dialectic behaviour therapy (DBT) though has shown efficacy in treatment of such conditions, at times due to the socio-cultural differences of the models adopted from the western concept, there is a felt difficulty in the formulation of the therapeutic model making it necessary to collaborate with other models for smoother formulation and improvement in the overall functioning in the clients. A 21-year-old female of bipolar affective disorder with emotionally unstable personality disorder traits was referred to a psychiatric social worker for assessment and plan of intervention inclusive of DBT and family-focused therapy (FFT). Twenty sessions, each lasting for one hour were conducted with the client and family, each on an inpatient basis to (1) Assess and grade the problems in hierarchy, (2) Understand the socio-cultural constructs in sessions, (3) Teach DBT concepts and relaxation techniques to ameliorate stress and help her to improve the relationship and dynamics with her family through FFT. At the time of discharge, the client had improved nearly 30%, and the client and family were more confident in facing social situations, emotional dysregulation, interpersonal issues, distress tolerance goals which has been explained in the context of the socio-cultural factors focusing on alliance, institutions, expectations, and cultural adaptation involved in therapy and the involvement it had in the therapeutic process.

Terapia on-line com casais e famílias: prática e formação na pandemia de covid-19 / Online therapy with couples and families: practice and training in the covid-19 pandemic / Terapia de parejas y familias on line: práctica y formación en la pandemia de covid-19

Resumo A pandemia de Covid-19 potencializou o já emergente processo de intensificação das conexões virtuais. Para terapeutas de casal e família, essa grave crise de saúde pública acarretou mudanças na forma de atender clientes e interagir com colegas, exigindo a rápida transição da modalidade presencial para a modalidade remota, em muitos casos. O presente estudo sistematizou conhecimentos sobre terapia on-line com casais e famílias, trazendo considerações para a prática e a formação profissional diante da pandemia. Por meio de revisão narrativa da literatura, foram sumarizados resultados de estudos empíricos, bem como recomendações sobre aspectos técnicos, éticos e formativos. Destacaram-se, em particular, potencialidades e desafios para a utilização de tecnologias da informação e da comunicação na prática clínica com casais e famílias, incluindo indicações e contraindicações, recursos mais apropriados e seguros, relação terapêutica on-line, capacitação e supervisão. Entende-se que a Covid-19 representa uma oportunidade para revisão e reflexão da prática clínica e da formação profissional de terapeutas de casal e família no Brasil, país em que as intervenções on-line permaneciam relativamente pouco exploradas até a pandemia.

Abstract The Covid-19 pandemic has boosted the already emerging process of virtual connections. For couple and family therapists, this major public health crisis has led to changes in the way of treating clients and interacting with colleagues, requiring rapid transition from face-to-face to remote mode, in many cases. This study systematized knowledge about online therapy with couples and families, bringing considerations for practice and professional training in the face of the pandemic. By conducting a narrative literature review, we summarized results from empirical studies, as well as recommendations on technical, ethical, and formative aspects. Specifically, we highlighted both the potential and the challenges of using information and communication technologies in clinical practice with couples and families, including indications and contraindications, more appropriate and safer resources, online therapeutic relationship, training, and supervision. Covid-19 represents an opportunity for reviewing and analyzing the clinical practice and professional training of couples and family therapists in Brazil, a country in which online interventions remained relatively little explored until the pandemic.

Resumen La pandemia de Covid-19 potenció el proceso ya emergente de conexiones virtuales. Para terapeutas de parejas y familias, esa grave emergencia de salud pública acarreó cambios en la forma de atender a clientes e interactuar con colegas, exigiendo la rápida transición de la modalidad presencial para la modalidad remota, en muchos casos. El presente estudio sistematizó conocimientos sobre terapia de parejas y familias on line, trayendo consideraciones para la práctica y la formación profesional en la pandemia. Por medio de revisión narrativa de la literatura, fueron obtenidos resultados de estudios empíricos, así como recomendaciones sobre aspectos técnicos, éticos y formativos. Se destacaron, en particular, potencialidades y desafíos para usar tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación en la práctica clínica con parejas y familias, incluyendo indicaciones y contraindicaciones, recursos más apropiados y seguros, relación terapéutica on line, capacitación y supervisión. Se entiende que el Covid-19 representa una oportunidad para la revisión y reflexión de la práctica clínica y de la formación profesional de terapeutas de parejas y familias en Brasil, donde las intervenciones on line permanecían relativamente poco exploradas hasta la pandemia.